Thrombosis Research
Volume 125, Issue 6 , Pages 538-544 , June 2010

Comparison of monitoring methods for lepirudin: Impact of warfarin and lupus anticoagulant

  • Birgitta Salmela

      Affiliations

    • Coagulation Disorders, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Finland
  • ,
  • Lotta Joutsi-Korhonen

      Affiliations

    • HUSLAB Laboratory Services, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  • ,
  • Ellen Saarela

      Affiliations

    • HUSLAB Laboratory Services, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  • ,
  • Riitta Lassila

      Affiliations

    • Coagulation Disorders, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Finland
    • HUSLAB Laboratory Services, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Coagulation Disorders, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland. Tel.: +358 40 517 5547; fax: +358 9 471 74504.

Received 23 November 2009 ,Revised 1 February 2010 ,Accepted 2 February 2010.

References 

  1. Harvey RP, Degryse E, Stefani L, Schamber F, Cazenave JP, Courtney M, et al. Cloning and expression of a cDNA coding for the anticoagulant hirudin from the bloodsucking leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:1084–1088
  2. Fenton JW, Villanueva GB, Ofosu FA, Maraganore JM. Thrombin inhibition by hirudin: how hirudin inhibits thrombin. Haemostasis. 1991;21:27–31
  3. Agnelli G, Renga C, Weitz JI, Nenci GG, Hirsh J. Sustained antithrombotic activity of hirudin after its plasma clearance: comparison with heparin. Blood. 1992;80:960–965
  4. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM American College of Chest P. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:340S–380S
  5. Fischer KG. The role of recombinant hirudins in the management of thrombotic disorders. BioDrugs. 2004;18:235–268
  6. Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Buller HR. Direct thrombin inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1028–1040
  7. Greinacher A, Warkentin TE. The direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:819–829
  8. Kuitunen A, Suojaranta-Ylinen R, Raivio P, Kukkonen S, Lassila R. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following cardiac surgery is associated with poor outcome. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007;21:18–22
  9. Salmela B, Nordin A, Vuoristo M, Mäkisalo H, Numminen K, Lassila R. Budd-Chiari syndrome in a young female with factor V Leiden mutation: successful treatment with lepirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Thromb Res. 2008;121:769–772
  10. Salmela B, Albäck A, Räike P, Lepäntalo M, Lassila R. A direct thrombin inhibitor, lepirudin, for thrombophilic patients with inoperable critical limb ischemia. Thromb Res. 2009;123:719–723
  11. Gray E, Harenberg J ISTH Control of Anticoagulation SSC Working Group on Thrombin Inhibitors. Collaborative study on monitoring methods to determine direct thrombin inhibitors lepirudin and argatroban. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:2096–2097
  12. Nowak G. Clinical monitoring of hirudin and direct thrombin inhibitors. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2001;27:537–541
  13. Fenyvesi T, Jorg I, Harenberg J. Monitoring of anticoagulant effects of direct thrombin inhibitors. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002;28:361–368
  14. Gosselin RC, Dager WE, King JH, Janatpour K, Mahackian K, Larkin EC, et al. Effect of direct thrombin inhibitors, bivalirudin, lepirudin, and argatroban, on prothrombin time and INR values. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121:593–599
  15. Nowak G, Bucha E. Quantitative determination of hirudin in blood and body fluids. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1996;22:197–202
  16. Lange U, Nowak G, Bucha E. Ecarin chromogenic assay–a new method for quantitative determination of direct thrombin inhibitors like hirudin. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2003;33:184–191
  17. Calatzis A, Peetz D, Haas S, Spannagl M, Rudin K, Wilmer M. Prothrombinase-induced clotting time assay for determination of the anticoagulant effects of unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins, fondaparinux, and thrombin inhibitors. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130:446–454
  18. Hafner G, Fickenscher K, Friesen HJ, Rupprecht HJ, Konheiser U, Ehrenthal W, et al. Evaluation of an automated chromogenic substrate assay for the rapid determination of hirudin in plasma. Thromb Res. 1995;77:165–173
  19. Love JE, Ferrell C, Chandler WL. Monitoring direct thrombin inhibitors with a plasma diluted thrombin time. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98:234–242
  20. Guy S, Kitchen S, Laidlaw S, Cooper P, Woolley A, Maclean R. The use of ecarin chromogenic assay and prothrombinase induced clotting time in the monitoring of lepirudin for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2008;142:466–468
  21. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:311S–337S
  22. Lange U, Olschewski A, Nowak G, Bucha E. Ecarin chromogenic assay: an innovative test for quantitative determination of direct thrombin inhibitors in plasma. Hamostaseologie. 2005;25:293–300
  23. Fenyvesi T, Jorg I, Weiss C, Harenberg J. Effects of vitamin K antagonist phenprocoumon on activated partial thromboplastin time measurement of direct thrombin inhibitors. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2004;15:605–611
  24. Fenyvesi T, Jorg I, Harenberg J. Effect of phenprocoumon on monitoring of lepirudin, argatroban, melagatran and unfractionated heparin with the PiCT method. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2002;32:174–179
  25. Bates SM, Weitz JI. Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of arterial thrombosis: potential differences between bivalirudin and hirudin. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:12P–18P
  26. Weitz JI, Leslie B, Hudoba M. Thrombin binds to soluble fibrin degradation products where it is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin but susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin-independent inhibitors. Circulation. 1998;97:544–552
  27. Kelly AB, Marzec UM, Krupski W, Bass A, Cadroy Y, Hanson SR, et al. Hirudin interruption of heparin-resistant arterial thrombus formation in baboons. Blood. 1991;77:1006–1012
  28. Vanholder RC, Camez AA, Veys NM, Soria J, Mirshahi M, Soria C, et al. Recombinant hirudin: a specific thrombin inhibiting anticoagulant for hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1994;45:1754–1759
  29. Fischer KG. Hirudin in renal insufficiency. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2002;28:467–482
  30. Tardy B, Lecompte T, Boelhen F, Tardy-Poncet B, Elalamy I, Morange P, et al. Predictive factors for thrombosis and major bleeding in an observational study in 181 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin. Blood. 2006;108:1492–1496
  31. Tardy-Poncet B, Charier D, Diconne E, Zeni F, Garraud O, Tardy B, et al. Extremely low doses of lepirudin in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, high bleeding risk and renal insufficiency. Br J Haematol. 2009;146:456–457
  32. Tschudi M, Lammle B, Alberio L. Dosing lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and normal or impaired renal function: a single-center experience with 68 patients. Blood. 2009;113:2402–2409
  33. Mueck W, Borris LC, Dahl OE, Haas S, Huisman MV, Kakkar AK, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily rivaroxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100:453–461
  34. Eikelboom JE, Weitz JI. Dabigatran etexilate for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101:2–4
  35. Harder S, Graff J, Klinkhardt U, von Hentig N, Walenga JM, Watanabe H, et al. Transition from argatroban to oral anticoagulation with phenprocoumon or acenocoumarol: effects on prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and ecarin clotting time. Thromb Haemost. 2004;91:1137–1145
  36. Nowak G, Lange U, Bucha E. Drug monitoring of argatroban using the ecarin chromogenic assay. Semin Thromb Haemost. 2008;34(S1):81–86

PII: S0049-3848(10)00129-5

doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.02.002

Thrombosis Research
Volume 125, Issue 6 , Pages 538-544 , June 2010