Thrombosis Research
Volume 121, Issue 6 , Pages 727-734 , 2008

Protein Z levels and anti-protein Z antibodies in patients with arterial and venous thrombosis

  • José Pardos-Gea

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit for Autoimmune Diseases, Spain
    • ,
  • José Ordi-Ros

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit for Autoimmune Diseases, Spain
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, Paseo Vall d’Hebrón 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: +34 93 274 61 67; fax: +34 93 489 40 45.
    • ,
  • Silvia Serrano

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit for Autoimmune Diseases, Spain
    • ,
  • Eva Balada

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit for Autoimmune Diseases, Spain
    • ,
  • Inmaculada Nicolau

      Affiliations

    • Department of Haematology, Haemostasis Unit, Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
    • ,
  • Miquel Vilardell

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Research Unit for Autoimmune Diseases, Spain

Received 28 February 2007 ,Revised 27 June 2007 ,Accepted 5 July 2007.

References 

  1. Broze GJ, Miletich JP. Human Protein Z. J Clin Invest. 1984;73(4):933–938
  2. Sejima H, Hayashi T, Deyashiky Y, Nishioka J, Suzuki K. Primary structure of vitamin K-dependent human protein Z. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;171(2):661–668
  3. Ichinose A, Takeya H, Espling E, Iwanaga S, Kisiel W, Davie EW. Amino acid sequence of human protein Z, a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;172(3):1139–1144
  4. Han X, Fiehler R, Broze GJ. Isolation of a protein Z-dependent plasma protease inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(16):9250–9255
  5. Han X, Huang ZF, Fiehler R, Broze GJ. The protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor is a serpin. Biochemistry. 1999;38(34):11073–11078
  6. Han X, Fiehler R, Broze GJ. Characterization of the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. Blood. 2000;96(9):3049–3055
  7. Heeb MJ, Cabral KM, Ruan L. Down-regulation of factor IXa in the factor Xase complex by protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(40):33819–33825
  8. Yin ZF, Huang ZF, Cui J, Fiehler R, Lasky N, Ginsburg D, et al. Prothrombotic phenotype of protein Z deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(12):6734–6738
  9. Martinelli I, Razzari C, Biguzzi E, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM. Low levels of protein Z and the risk of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(12):2817–2819
  10. Vasse M, Guegan-Massardier E, Borg JY, Woimant F, Soria C. Frequency of protein Z deficiency in patients with ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 2001;357(9260):933–934
  11. Al-Shanqeeti A, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Berntorp E, Rosendaal FR, Broze GJ. Protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. Determinants of levels and risk of venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2005;93(3):411–413
  12. Fedi S, Sofi F, Brogi D, Tellini I, Cesari F, Sestini I, et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes. Thromb Haemost. 2003;90(6):1173–1178
  13. Morange PE, Juhan-Vague I. Protein Z plasma levels are not associated with the risk of coronary heart disease: the PRIME Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2(11):2050–2051
  14. Heeb MJ, Paganini-Hill A, Griffin JH, Fisher M. Low protein Z levels and risk of ischemic stroke: differences by diabetic status and gender. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2002;29(2):139–144
  15. Ayoub N, Esposito G, Barete S, Soria C, Piette JC, Frances C. Protein Z deficiency in antiphospholipid-negative Sneddon’s syndrome. Stroke. 2004;35(6):1329–1332
  16. Kobelt K, Biasiutti FD, Mattle HP, Lammle B, Wuillemin WA. Protein Z in ischaemic stroke. Br J Haematol. 2001;114(1):169–173
  17. McQuillan AM, Eilkelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Baker R, Thom J, Staton J, et al. Protein Z in ischemic stroke and its etiologic subtypes. Stroke. 2003;34(10):2415–2419
  18. Staton J, Sayer M, Hankey GJ, Cole V, Thom J, Eikelboom JW. Protein Z gene polymorphisms, protein Z concentrations, and ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1123–1127
  19. Lopaciuk S, Bykowska K, Kwiecinski H, Cylonkowska A, Kucynska-Zardzewialy A. Protein Z in young survivors of ischemic stroke. Thromb Haemost. 2002;88(3):536
  20. McColl MD, Deans A, Maclean P, Tait RC, Greer IA, Walker ID. Plasma protein Z deficiency is common in women with antiphospholipid antibodies. Br J Haematol. 2003;120(5):913–914
  21. Forastiero RR, Martinuzzo ME, Lu L, Broze GJ. Autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies impair the inhibition of activated factor X by protein Z/protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(8):1764–1770
  22. Gris JC, Quere I, Dechaud H, Mercier E, Pincon C, Hoffet M, et al. High frequency of protein Z deficiency in patients with unexplained early fetal loss. Blood. 2002;99(7):2606–2608
  23. Gris JC, Amadio C, Mercier E, Lavigne-Lissalde G, Dechaud H, Hoffet M, et al. Anti-protein Z antibodies in women with pathologic pregnancies. Blood. 2003;101(12):4850–4852
  24. Santacroce R, Sarno M, Capucci F, Sessa F, Colaizzo D, Brancaccio V, et al. Low protein Z levels and risk of occurrence of deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(11):2417–2422
  25. Greten J, Kreis I, Liliensiek B, Allenberg J, Amiral J, Ziegler R, et al. Localisation of protein Z in vascular lesions of patients with atherosclerosis. Vasa. 1998;27(3):144–148
  26. Vasse M, Denoyelle C, Corbière C, Litzler PY, Legrand E, Vannier JP. Human endothelial cells synthesize protein Z, but not the protein Z dependent inhibitor. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95(3):519–523
  27. Sofi F, Cesari F, Vigiani S, Fatini C, Marcucci R, Giglioli C, et al. Protein Z plasma levels in different phases of activity of coronary atherosclerosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(10):2254–2258
  28. Vasse M, Denoyelle C, Legrand E, Vannier JP, Soria C. Weak regulation of Protein Z biosynthesis by inflammatory cytokines. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87(2):350–351

☆ Author’s contributions: José Pardos-Gea (designed research, performed research, collected data, analyzed data, wrote the paper); José Ordi-Ros (designed research, performed research, revised content); Silvia Serrano, Eva Balada, Inmaculada Nicolau (designed research, contributed vital new reagents and analytical tools); Miquel Vilardell (designed research, revised content).

PII: S0049-3848(07)00309-X

doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.07.009

Thrombosis Research
Volume 121, Issue 6 , Pages 727-734 , 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution